Review on the development of rare earth resources and geological science in China
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As a strategic resource for new materials and new technology revolutions, rare earth elements have little content in the original mantle and ultrabasic rocks, and it is not easy to integrate and integrate rare earth deposits with industrial significance. The granitoids in crustal evolution and the formation of carbonate rocks, alkaline rocks are a lot of rocks enriched, often forming large industrial interest - very large deposit. China is located in the middle zone of the Eurasian plate, the Pacific plate and the South Asia (India) plate tectonic action zone. The active zone or the intraplate rift zone along the edge of the plate, the material that constitutes the continental crust occurs in multiple phases of remelting, differentiation, migration and enrichment. Set up to form a variety of genetic types of rare earth deposits.
China is the country with the richest rare earth resources in the world. 22 provinces (regions) have discovered a number of rare earth deposits, mainly in Inner Mongolia, Jiangxi, Guangdong, Guangxi, Sichuan, Shandong and other places.
Since 1927, Professor Ding Daoheng found Bayan Obo iron ore in 1934, Professor He Zuolin found in the Bayan Obo iron ore minerals containing rare earth elements, Chinese scientists continue to explore the geological and tectonic evolution summarize China, the development of the characteristics, the use and the creation of new The ore-forming theory has discovered and identified a number of important rare earth deposits nationwide. In the early 1950s, the ultra-large-scale Baiyun Obo stellite rare earth deposit was discovered and discovered. In the mid-1960s, the weathered leaching type (ion-adsorption type) rare earth deposits in Jiangxi and Guangdong were discovered. In the early 1970s, Shandong micro was discovered. The mountain rare earth deposit was discovered in the mid-1980s in the "Yan Niuping" large-scale rare earth deposit in Liangshan, Sichuan. These findings and geological exploration results provide the most reliable resource guarantee for the development of China's rare earth industry. At the same time, it is concluded that China's rare earth resources have good ore-forming conditions, wide distribution, many types of mineral genes, large resource potential, and valuable elements. The most basic characteristics of high and comprehensive utilization value.
China's rare earth deposits are characterized by a wide and relatively concentrated geographical distribution. Up to now, geological workers have discovered thousands of deposits, ore deposits and mineralized producing areas in more than two-thirds of the provinces (regions), except for Baiyun Obo in Inner Mongolia, Weinan in Jiangxi, Yuebei in Guangdong, and Liangshan in Sichuan. Outside the concentrated distribution of rare earth resources, Shandong, Hunan, Guangxi, Yunnan, Guizhou, Fujian, Zhejiang, Hubei, Henan, Shanxi, Liaoning, Shaanxi, Xinjiang and other provinces also have rare earth deposits, but the resources are more concentrated than mineralization. The collection area is much less. 98% of the total amount of rare earth resources in the country is distributed in Inner Mongolia, Jiangxi, Guangdong, Sichuan, Shandong and other regions, forming a distribution pattern of north, south, east and west, and has the distribution characteristics of north light and south weight.
The age distribution of rare earth resources in China is mainly concentrated in the geological history period after the Middle and Late Proterozoic. There were few rare earth elements rich in ore deposits in the Archean period, which is related to the evolution history of the active Chinese plate. Northern margin of the western part of North China formed during the Late Proterozoic Baiyun'ebo massive deposit rare earth iron niobium; Early Paleozoic (Cambrian) is formed of a large rare earth phosphate rock deposit Zhijin other places; Late Paleozoic granite type and The formation of alkaline rock type rare earth deposits; the Mesozoic granitoid and alkaline rock type rare earth deposits are widely distributed in southern China; the Cenozoic (Hishan period) has the formation of alkaline granite and shale REE deposits; the Quaternary has weathered southern China Formation of a leaching type rare earth deposit. The age of mineralization in China's rare earth deposits and the length of distribution are not available in other countries in the world. However, the most important enrichment period of rare earth resources in China is the middle and late Proterozoic and Mesozoic-Cenozoic. The rare earth deposits in other eras are generally small.
Regardless of its genetic type, China's rare earth deposits, like the rare earth deposits in other parts of the world, are distributed in the folds or transition zones of the active crust, such as the Qinling fold belt, the South China fold belt, the Sanjiang fold belt, and North China. The rift system in the northern margin of the plate, the Sichuan-Yunnan rift system. Although there are some distributions of rare earth deposits in the relatively stable North China Plate and Yangtze Plate, they are not the main ones. The distribution of rare earth resources in this controlled geotectonic environment is closely related to the development and evolution of active continental crust.
Due to the particularity of China's geological structure and the complexity and diversity of rare earth and rare metal mineralization, a variety of genetic types of rare earth deposits have been formed. Many scholars have used the ore-bearing surrounding rock as the main distinguishing feature as the basis for the classification of genetic types. . Researchers from China Academy of Geological Sciences, Baige and Yuan Zhongxin, classify rare earth deposits in China into three categories, nine categories and thirty-two types. Mr. Zhang Peishan, Institute of Geology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, is divided into ten main types. According to the main geological characteristics of ore-forming, the nature of ore-bearing surrounding rock, the size of the ore deposit and the industrial significance, the main genetic types of China's rare earth deposits can be divided into eight types, namely: submarine jet (overflow) sedimentary type (or marine volcanic sedimentary rare metal carbonate). Rock type) (Baiyun Ebo), sedimentary type (Guizhou Zhijin, Yunnan Kunyang), metamorphic rock type (Hubei Dabie Mountain), granite type (Shandong Weishan, Inner Mongolia "801" mine), granite weathering and leaching type (Jiangxi Wu, Longnan, etc., magmatic carbonate type (Hubei Temple, Xinjiang Waggaer Tag, etc.), alkaline rock type (Sichuan Suining, Liaoning Saima, etc.), coastal sand mine (Guangdong, Hainan, Taiwan). [next]
Among the discovered rare earth deposits, the submarine jet (overflow) sedimentary type, alkaline rock type, and granitic weathering and leaching type rare earth deposits have the most industrial significance in China. Among the genetic types of rare earth deposits in the world, except for the uranium- containing rare earth metamorphic conglomerate type, uranium-containing rare earth conglomerate, phosphorus rare earth alkaline rock and strontium rare earth carbonate weathering crust, which are rarely found in China, other types have been found. The weathered leaching type rare earth deposit widely distributed in the seven southern provinces of China, the world-class super large "Baiyun Ebo" iron sulphide rare earth deposit, the latest Sichuan Suining "Yiu Niuping" rare earth in the metallogenic age (Hishan period) The deposits have only been discovered in China, and no reports of such deposits have been found in other countries and regions of the world.
Due to the favorable geological conditions of mineralization, China's rare earth resources are not only of a complete genetic type, but also rich in resources, which is the highest in the world. The exploration and development of rare earth resources in China began in the early 1950s and in the late 1980s to discover and identify a number of important rare earth deposits. According to the statistics provided by the relevant geological exploration and mining production departments, by the end of 2000, the number of proven rare earth resources (REO) exceeded 100 million tons, and the predicted resource prospects exceeded 210 million tons, indicating the great potential of China's rare earth resources. The western part of China is the most important distribution area of ​​light rare earth resources. Only the 200m of the Baiyun Obo mining area in Inner Mongolia has a proven rare earth resource of about 100 million tons and an average rare earth oxide (REO) of 3% to 5%. It is predicted that the rare earth resources in the whole region will exceed 135 million tons; the proven resources of weathered and leached rare earth mines in southern China will be officially announced as 1.5 million tons. According to other survey statistics, the seven southern provinces (Jiangxi, Guangdong, Guangxi) Hunan, Yunnan, Fujian, Zhejiang, China has proven 8.9 million tons of rare earth resources, and the prospective resource prospect is 50 million tons, indicating that China's southern medium-heavy rare earth resources have great potential. In addition, the proven rare earth resources in Suining and Dechang counties of Liangshan Prefecture, Sichuan Province, China are about 2.5 million tons. It is favorable for the ore-forming conditions on the east and west sides of the granite and the south of the Suining granite. It is to find a single fluorocarbon antimony ore. The best prospects zone predicts a prospect of rare earth resources exceeding 5 million tons.
In addition to the large potential resource potential of the main metallogenic areas, the rare rare earth deposits associated with alkaline granites in eastern Mongolia, China; the rare earth deposits associated with carbonate rocks in Hubei and Xinjiang, China; Yunnan and Sichuan, China The same type of rare earth-rich phosphate rock deposits in Guizhou Zhijin have great resource potential. The favorable metallogenic conditions and abundant resources provide the most basic material conditions for the development and utilization of rare earths in China.
Due to the complexity and diversity of mineralization, rare earth deposits often coexist with a variety of valuable elements or minerals, forming a symbiotic deposit with great comprehensive utilization value, such as iron, antimony, rare earth deposits, antimony and rare earth carbonate deposits, including Rare earth phosphorite deposits, containing rare earth alkaline granite deposits, containing uranium conglomerate-type rare earth deposits, and as a single rare earth deposit are not seen. The important rare earth deposits discovered in China are often symbiotic with a variety of metal or non-metallic minerals, with high content of beneficial components and high comprehensive utilization value. Inner Mongolia Bayan Obo iron, antimony and rare earth deposits have large reserves of iron, antimony and rare earth, and are rich in titanium , antimony , manganese , gold, fluorine, phosphorus and potassium, which have extremely high comprehensive utilization value. The huge reserves of rare earth-containing mine dolomite (Ca> 20%, MgO> 12%, RE2O3> 3%, Nb2O5> 0.05%), scientific test, can be made from a rare earth-lime-silica Magnesium steel (niobium) ferroalloy, Has a good development and application prospects. The Baiyun mining area is rich in resources, with a proven reserves of 2.18 million tons and a resource prospect of more than 6 million tons. It is the world's largest strontium deposit in terms of resources. Therefore, the research and development and utilization of 铌 resources in the Baiyun mining area is of great significance. The Baiyun mining area contains K2O>12% rich potassium slate , with huge resources, proven reserves of 240 million tons, and resource prospects exceeding 400 million tons. It can be made into potassium chloride, potassium carbonate, zeolite molecular sieve and white carbon through experimental research. The black product has basically reached the "three no" high-efficiency industrial requirements without waste water, waste gas and waste gas. In addition, the resources of fluorine, phosphorus, titanium and antimony in the ore of the Baiyun mining area are large, which has potential comprehensive utilization value. Although the rare earth ore in the Liangshan area of ​​Sichuan is a single fluorocarbon strontium deposit, in addition to the main element rare earth, it is accompanied by a large number of industrial minerals such as fluorite and barite , as well as Pb, Mo, Bi, Ag and other comprehensive elements. Many rare earth deposits in China are rare earth, strontium, rare earth, iron, rare earth, phosphorus, rare earth, rare and other symbiotic deposits, and the reserves are large, the content of useful components is high, and it can be recycled and associated with the main elements. Beneficial elements, considerable economic benefits.
The reserves of rare earth resources in the world are huge. In addition to China's proven resources, China, Russia, the United States, Brazil, Canada and India are also rich in rare earth resources. In recent years, large rare earth deposits have also been discovered in Vietnam. In addition, South Africa, Malaysia, Indonesia, Sri Lanka, Mongolia, North Korea, Afghanistan, Saudi Arabia, Turkey, Norway, Greenland, Nigeria, Kenya, Tanzania, Burundi, Madagascar, Mozambique, Egypt and other countries and regions have also found a certain scale. Rare earth deposits. The discovery and development of a number of large-super large rare earth deposits in the world's major rare earth resource countries are the main sources of rare earth resources in the world. China's Inner Mongolia Bayan Obo iron, antimony, rare earth deposit, China's Sichuan Suining "Yong Niuping" single fluorocarbon antimony deposit, China Southern weathered leaching type rare earth deposit; Australia's Verde mountain carbonate rock weathering crust rare earth deposit, Australia Yalidong, the west coast of the monazite sand deposit; the US Manton Pass carbonite fluorocarbon strontium deposit; Brazil's Ara Xia, Zhai Sela estimated carbonate weathering crust rare earth deposit; Russia Tomtor carbonate weathering crust Rare earth deposits, Xibin Phosphorite rare earth deposits; Vietnam Maosai carbonate rock rare earth deposits, etc., the rare earth resources are more than 1 million tons, some reach 10 million tons, and some more than 100 million tons, constitute the world's rare earth resources main body. According to relevant statistics, China's rare earth resources accounted for 74% of the world's total in the 1970s, and fell to 69% in the 1980s, and fell to 45% in the late 1990s, mainly in Australia, Russia, Canada, Brazil, In the past 20 years, Vietnam and other countries have made significant progress in the exploration and research of rare earth resources. They have discovered a number of large-super large rare earth deposits, such as Mount Verde in Australia, Tomtor in Russia, and St. Honor in Canada. Lei, Vietnam's Maosai and other rare earth deposits. However, China's rare earth resources still occupy the first place in the world, and the resource potential is very large. Therefore, there is reason to believe that the status of China's rare earth resource power will not change for a long time to come. [next]
China is not only rich in rare earth resources, but also has many advantages in terms of resource quality. Different rare earth deposits have different advantages.
The Baiyun Obo iron, antimony and rare earth symbiotic deposits not only have the rare earth reserves, but also have high rare earth elements and many types. The rare earth minerals account for 79% of light rare earths, and the strontium and bismuth are twice as high as the US Manton Pass rare earth mines. In particular, rare earth elements such as lanthanum and cerium are rich in content and have important industrial value. The composition of rare earth oxides clearly reflects the characteristics of rich and poor, high enrichment of strontium, barium and strontium. Wherein lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, neodymium, samarium, accounting for 97% of total rare earth oxide, CeO2 to the highest of 48.7%, Ce:La:Nd = 50:30:15. The content of strontium and strontium is more than 1.25 times that of bastnasite ore, which is 3-4 times that of monazite. This is a rare earth oxide composition characteristic of other rare earth deposits at home and abroad. Baiyun Ebo rare earth with large-scale mining and selection of iron ore, low cost, the same grade of rare earth concentrates sold 60% lower than foreign countries.
In addition, the “Yu Niuping†single fluorocarbon antimony ore deposit in Liangshan area, Sichuan Province, has a coarse mineral grain size, low content of harmful impurities, easy to be smelted, and can be directly smelted into the intermediate alloy. The process is simple and easy, the cost is low, and the resource quality advantage is obtained. . China's Shandong Weishan rare earth ore is a typical fluorocarbon strontium deposit. The sum of rare earth elements La, Ce, Pr and Nd accounts for 98% of the total rare earth. Rare earth minerals have coarse grain size and low content of harmful impurities. Deep processing into a single rare earth element also has obvious resource quality advantages.
In the south of China, Jiangxi, Guangdong, Guangxi and other seven provinces (regions) are rich in weathered and leached medium-heavy rare earth resources, with high grade, complete types and easy selection. Sm2O3, Eu2O3, Gd2O3, and Tb4O7 in the weathered leaching type rare earth ore in Jiangxi Xunwu and other places are 10 times, 5 times, 12 times and 20 times higher than those in the US Manton Pass sulphide ore, respectively. Distributed in China, China's Jiangxi Longnan and other places have huge reserves of phosphorus and antimony (160,000 tons), which is four times the reserves of foreign germanium industry and 47 times that of the United States. Therefore, China's southern weathering and leaching type of medium-heavy rare earth resources are unmatched by any country in the world regardless of their resources or element types and distribution forms.
China's rare earth geological science research, while continuously attracting new foreign science and technology theory, according to the laws governing the evolution of geological structure in the Chinese mainland, summed up and created a new theory of rare earth mineralization with its own characteristics, established a metallogenic model, predicted the resource prospects, and continuously obtained Breakthrough progress. The discovery of the Bayan Obo rare earth deposit, from the proposal of the special high-temperature hydrothermal mineralization theory to the establishment of submarine jet sedimentary mineralization (or marine volcanic sedimentary rare carbon carbonate mineralization), not only promoted a major breakthrough in the exploration of rare earth resources. At the same time, it enriched the new theory of rare earth mineralization in the world. The discovery of weathering and leaching type (ion-adsorption) rare earth deposits in southern China not only enriches the types of rare earth deposits in the world, but also provides a reliable resource guarantee for the development and utilization of heavy and rare earth resources in the world. The discovery of the "Yu Niuping" single fluorocarbon strontium deposit in the Xishan period in the Liangshan area of ​​Sichuan is the latest era of endogenous hydrothermal rare earth deposits discovered in the world, opening up new ideas for the research and exploration of rare earth resources in the world. . An important aspect of geological science research on rare earth resources in China is the systematic study of rare earth minerals. Up to now, more than 170 kinds of rare earth minerals have been discovered all over the world, and there are about 50 kinds of rare earth minerals available for use. However, there are only more than ten kinds of rare earth minerals, which are the main source of rare earth development and utilization, fluorocarbon antimony, monazite and phosphorus Mines and so on are the main sources. The geological scientists 1980s and 1990s, research on rare earth deposits, mineral system, has found a large Castle Peak Mine, China cerium strontium ore, β brown yttrium niobium ore, neodymium yttrium niobium ore brown, and so on Xing'an mine A group of new minerals, these discoveries not only enriched the world's treasure house of rare earth mineralogy, but also revealed the evolution history and characteristics of different types of rare earth deposits. This research and exploration of rare earth resources is undoubtedly very important.
In summary, China is not only a large country in the world of rare earth resources, but also has obvious advantages in many aspects such as the quality, variety and availability of rare earth resources. This advantage provides the most basic for the sustainable development of China's rare earth industry. Resource guarantees have also created conditions for China's rare earths to become dominant in the international market, laying a material foundation for the new century, new materials, and new technological revolutions. Facts have proved that the continuous breakthrough and discovery of rare earth resources exploration in China and the innovation of metallogenic theory have reached the world advanced level.